In classrooms across Kenya, millions of children attend school each day, yet some will leave school without having learnt the basic skills of literacy and unable to read a simple text. Across Sub-Saharan Africa almost 9 in 10 children are unable to read and comprehend a simple text by age 10 (World Bank, 2020). Literacy is not a distant goal, it is the foundation upon which much of a pupil’s academic journey depends, and for Kenya’s children, the consequences of inaction are enormous.
The ‘literacy crisis’ is complex, but two things are clear: teachers lack confidence in teaching literacy effectively, and some children are not learning foundational literacy skills despite being in school. Research I conducted across Kenya and five other African countries in 2013 found that newly qualified teachers consistently listed literacy as a difficult subject to teach, with tasks such as teaching pupils to ‘read for meaning’ perceived to be significantly more difficult than teaching letter sounds (Akyeampong et al, 2013). While that study is almost a decade old, its findings remain strikingly relevant today as teacher preparation has not kept pace with the needs of learners.
For too long, pre-service and in-service teacher training has failed to equip educators with the skills and guidance they need to teach literacy effectively. Curricula are inconsistent, pedagogical approaches are often unclear, and teachers are left to navigate classrooms with minimal support. The result is a two-fold crisis: underprepared teachers who lack confidence in how to teach literacy effectively and children falling behind in acquiring their foundational literacy skills.
But there is now reason for optimism. A forthcoming paper on Literacy endorsed by the Global Education Evidence Advisory Panel (GEEAP) provides clear, evidence-based guidance for teaching literacy in low- and middle-income contexts, including Kenya. The paper is based on evidence from 75 countries across 106 languages and identifies the key skills pupils must learn, and that teacher must learn to teach, to effectively support the acquisition of literacy. The principles of effective, evidence-based reading instruction are largely universal. Learning to read relies on two core skills (plus connection to writing, a separate skill), these skills are Decoding and Language comprehension. Decoding is the ability to recognise written symbols (e.g., letters) and convert them into the sounds they represent to recognise words. Language comprehension involves understanding the meaning of words, sentences and texts. Decoding and language comprehension skills constantly interact while reading, and both are essential. To develop decoding and language comprehension skills, teachers need to provide children with explicit and systematic instruction in multiple literacy sub-skills.
Teacher training institutions in Kenya and beyond must take note of these findings. Training teachers to confidently deliver lessons focussing on developing the core literacy sub-skills should form a core component of both pre-service and in-service teacher training programmes. Training must give teachers clear guidance, practical tools, and practical opportunities to develop their teaching practise in a classroom context. This is not about adding more content to training programmes, which in many cases are already overly theoretical; it is about doing what works, focusing on strategies proven to deliver results.
To complement the teaching of these key skills policymakers and teachers can draw on evidence-based approaches or pedagogies to support the teaching of literacy and foundational skills more widely. Kenya’s TUSOME programme did just that. Based on an approach called structured pedagogy, which the GEEAP’s Smart Buys paper labelled a ‘great buy’, it provided teachers with detailed lesson plans, student materials, and ongoing training and support. Although TUSOME itself is no longer running, its core principles, well-designed materials, teacher support, and regular monitoring, have since been woven into Kenya’s Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). Structured Pedagogy is only one of several Smart Buys highlighted by GEEAP, which when combined with the new evidence on literacy teaching and learning, can further strengthen classroom practice.
The stakes could not be higher. Literacy underpins all subjects and equips children with the skills to participate fully in society and escape cycles of poverty. By giving teachers the tools to teach reading effectively, Kenya can ensure children not only attend school but actually learn. The evidence is clear and solutions exist: policymakers, teacher training institutions, and education partners must integrate evidence-based literacy strategies into pre-service and in-service teacher training. We now have the clearest evidence on how to achieve this. Literacy is not an abstract goal; it is a basic human right and the key to opportunity. Kenya’s classrooms can lead the way, but only if teachers are confident, prepared, and equipped to teach children to read.
